Primary Source Set

Urban Development and Renewal

Beginning in 1949, the federal government provided funds for cities across the United States to seize and demolish buildings in “blighted” areas with the intention of inviting in new industries and improved housing. Neighborhoods with a high percentage of Black residents, many of whom were displaced by redevelopment efforts, were disproportionately targeted by urban renewal. This set uses photographs, maps, pamphlets, scrapbooks, newspaper articles, and government records to depict the impact of urban renewal on communities throughout North Carolina, with a focus on two neighborhoods in Durham and Raleigh.

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Time Period

1954-1974

Grade Level

Undergraduate

Transcript

Relic of Bygone Era Reduced To Rubble by Urban Renewal By HAROLD FOSTER When most sites that have historical values appear to distort the beauty of a city or a state, high officials and philanthropists will have the discrediting sites removed and restored, or preserved. They have done it in many cities and states through out the nation: In Illinois they restored Lincoln’s home and made a memorial out of his tomb and they restored the Old Salem pioneer settlement. In Virginia they preserved Washington’s and Robert E. Lee’s birth places and restored Jefferson’s home at Monticello. Here in North Carolina they restored the site of the first colony, they preserved the Guilford Court House and Moore’s Creek parks for being sites of Revolutionary battles, and they “builded a monument” on the site where two brothers proved that man by some means could fly. The list can go on and on and on and…In Durham, high officials have launched an urban renewal program and all sites that appear as sores on the face or Durham will be permanently removed. One scar in particular that must go is the Hayti section. There are many places in this section that have historical values and are sentimental in the hearts of many of the inhabitants of this local ghetto. And among these one place stands out among all others. That place is the old Boy’s Club building located near the corner of Pettigrew and Fayetteville streets. It was the first structure to be demolished under the urban renewal program. Built almost a century ago, the wood frame structure that sat on this site was not always a club house. Rather, it has housed some of the most prominent Negro families of Durham. Neighbors remember the time that barber John Wright, publisher P.B. Young, educator James E. Shepherd, and minister A. Kirkland lived there. They remember the informal talks in the living room, the social gatherings behind the French door, and the special occasions that range from child births to holidays. A neighbor, Mrs. Jeanie Spaulding, who lives across the street from the site, said that the families that lived there “were some very good neighbors.” Many others remember the house as the place where they attended YWCA affairs, where they joined the Boys’ Club, where they played indoor games where they met friends. Where they were sheltered from the ruins of the ghetto and where uncountable hours were spent doing something or nothing. One man standing, watching the demolishion [sic] of the building prehaps [sic] summed up the situation best when he said. “A lot of people gon’ miss that old place; they carried on a whole lot of things in there.” But even if Durham city officials of the sentimental neighbors want to reconsider and have the house removed and restored, or preserved, It would be too late. The sign that appeared on the house as it was being torn down tells the story: “Scrap wood $5 per load. Used building materials. Bricks.” And that’s all the structure that once proudly bore the address 508 Fayetteville street is: separated old bricks, slabs, splinters, rusted and crumped tin, and a fading memory, all with a few tears covering them. DEMOLITION OF A SENTIMENTAL RELIC – One of Durham’s oldest buildings stands for the last time (top photo) before being turned into scrap wood and used building materials (bottom photo). Known to most Durham residents as the old Boys’ Club, the old Fayetteville street house, which sheltered many prominent Negro families before being used a a club house, was torn down last week to make room for the Durham Urban Renewal program. –Photos by Purefoy

"Relic of Bygone Era Reduced To Rubble by Urban Renewal," The Carolina Times

In addition to displacing families, urban renewal caused the destruction of important and historic community buildings, such as the “old Boys’ Club” in the Hayti neighborhood. This article from Black-owned newspaper The Carolina Times features the “before” and “after” pictures of the demolition of the structure and includes details on the value of the old Boys’ Club to Hayti residents. According to the text, the building (almost a century old at the time of its destruction) was a place for social gatherings, special events, and other community activities.

Contributed to DigitalNC by Durham County Library, State Archives of North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Durham, N.C. (Durham County)

Background

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the term “urban renewal” was used to describe the redevelopment efforts passed into law by the Housing Act of 1949. The Act spawned a federal program that funded the seizure and demolition of “blighted” or “slum” neighborhoods for redevelopment purposes. Although the intended goal of urban renewal was to build better housing and revitalize urban areas, redevelopment efforts disproportionately targeted predominantly Black neighborhoods. In North Carolina, Black communities in cities like Durham and Raleigh were displaced from their homes in the name of urban renewal, though many of the redevelopment promises made to those communities never arrived.

Urban renewal came to Durham’s Hayti neighborhood in the early 1960s, when the commission that oversaw the city’s redevelopment began to map the area, evaluating elements like the structural condition of buildings and creating plans for future land use. The Durham Redevelopment Commission also conducted appraisals on properties in Hayti to estimate their value. As the project progressed, the Commission distributed pamphlets that explained urban renewal as a way to revitalize “blighted” areas, promising that better infrastructure and new housing would come to Hayti. Initially, many of Durham’s Black citizens supported urban renewal, as they believed that the federal funds would be used to benefit their communities. City officials, eager to use those federal funds with little oversight, also approved of urban renewal. With the construction of the Durham Freeway (NC-147) included in redevelopment plans, white business owners who hoped that the freeway would relieve traffic congestion were also supportive of renewal efforts. 

Urban renewal forced citizens to leave their residences. Although the Durham Redevelopment Commission provided compensation to Hayti homeowners before they seized and demolished their houses, many residents felt that the prices they received were unfair. Residents who were displaced from rental housing experienced similar frustrations about the lack of new low-income apartments in Hayti, which the Durham Redevelopment Commission had said they would build. Low-income housing and other redevelopment promises made by the Commission never materialized, even many years after urban renewal began. Similar events transpired in Raleigh, where redevelopment displaced residents of a predominantly Black neighborhood called Fourth Ward (also referred to as Southside).

While the Housing Act allowed redevelopment to occur across the United States and in North Carolina, this primary source set places its main focus on the areas of Hayti and Fourth Ward to illustrate how urban renewal impacted primarily Black neighborhoods, causing people to lose their homes, businesses, and communities for little in return. 

Discussion Questions

  1. While the existing land use map depicts Raleigh’s Fourth Ward neighborhood before urban renewal, the preliminary site plan map shows a proposal for land use after redevelopment. Compare the two maps, making sure to notice how the types of land (residential, commercial, industrial) change from one to the other. What changed? What do the changes indicate about what the Durham Redevelopment Commission valued?

  2. What did urban renewal attempt to accomplish? What did it actually accomplish in neighborhoods like Hayti and Fourth Ward? Do the goals and outcomes of urban renewal conflict with each other?

  3. Consider this article from The Carolinian, in which residents of the Fourth Ward neighborhood express their opinions on urban renewal potentially occurring in the area. What are their perspectives on renewal? What may have caused residents to be supportive of or concerned by urban renewal? Do you think the opinions of some residents changed after redevelopment occurred in Fourth Ward, and if so, why?

  4. Review this booklet distributed by the Durham Redevelopment Commission. How does the booklet describe and portray urban renewal? How does it differ from the portrayal in other sources, like the one in this The Carolina Times article?

  5. The Asheboro Finer Carolina scrapbook features before and after photos of many old buildings that were demolished as part of the community improvement contest. The scrapbook refers to the effort as “beautifying.” How does the scrapbook describe the buildings that were destroyed? In what ways does Finer Carolina relate to urban renewal?

  6. In this The Carolinian article, the director of Raleigh’s United Poor People’s Organization refers to urban renewal as a removal: “The whole project should be geared to rehabilitation rather than removal.” In contrast, this The Jones County Journal article claims that “nobody’s property is ‘stolen, seized, or confiscated’” during urban renewal. Why do the two articles hold such different views on urban renewal? What does each perspective indicate about that era’s attitude on the well-being of communities, particularly Black communities?

  7. Several sources in this set use terms like “blighted,” “decayed,” and “slum” to describe areas that were set to undergo urban renewal. This booklet states that such places were a “cancer.” Considering that redevelopment mostly occurred in low-income Black neighborhoods, what do these negative descriptions reveal about the people that supported urban renewal? What do the descriptions indicate about urban renewal as a program?

  8. Take a look at aerial photographs of Hayti here. How did the area change from the 1950 photo to the one from 1972? Considering the aerial photos and the sources on Hayti in this set, how do you imagine the impact of urban renewal is still felt today? 

This primary source set was compiled by Isabella Walker.

Updated January 2025